World energy consumption

Contents 1 Emissions 2 Energy supply and end use 3 Primary energy 3.1 Fossil fuels 3.1.1 Coal 3.1.2 Oil 3.1.3 Gas 3.2 Nuclear power 3.3 Renewable energy 3.3.1 Hydropower 3.3.2 Wind power 3.3.3 Solar power 3.3.4 Geothermal 3.3.5 Biomass and biofuels 4 By country 4.1 Oil 4.2 Coal 4.3 Natural gas 5 By sector 5.1 European Union 6 Alternative energy paths 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links

World energy consumption in 2010: over 5% growth^[4] Energy markets have combined crisis recovery and strong industry dynamism. Energy consumption in the G20 soared by more than 5% in 2010, after the slight decrease of 2009. This strong increase is the result of two converging trends. On the one-hand, industrialized countries, which experienced sharp decreases in energy demand in 2009, recovered firmly in 2010, almost coming back to historical trends. Oil, gas, coal, and electricity markets followed the same trend. On the other hand, China and India, which showed no signs of slowing down in 2009, continued their intense demand for all forms of energy.

In 2009, world energy consumption decreased for the first time in 30 years (-1.1%) or 130 Mtoe (Megaton oil equivalent), as a result of the financial and economic crisis (GDP drop by 0.6% in 2009).^[5] This evolution is the result of two contrasting trends. Energy consumption growth remained vigorous in several developing countries, specifically in Asia (+4%). Conversely, in OECD, consumption was severely cut by 4.7% in 2009 and was thus almost down to its 2000 levels. In North America, Europe and CIS, consumptions shrank by 4.5%, 5% and 8.5% respectively due to the slowdown in economic activity. China became the world's largest energy consumer (18% of the total) since its consumption surged by 8% during 2009 (up from 4% in 2008). Oil remained the largest energy source (33%) despite the fact that its share has been decreasing over time. Coal posted a growing role in the world's energy consumption: in 2009, it accounted for 27% of the total.

In 2008, total worldwide energy consumption was 474 exajoules (474×10¹⁸ J=132,000 TWh). This is equivalent to an average energy consumption rate of 15 terawatts (1.504×10¹³ W).^[1] The potential for renewable energy is: solar energy 1600 EJ (444,000 TWh), wind power 600 EJ (167,000 TWh), geothermal energy 500 EJ (139,000 TWh), biomass 250 EJ (70,000 TWh), hydropower 50 EJ (14,000 TWh) and ocean energy 1 EJ (280 TWh).^[6]

More than half of the energy has been consumed in the last two decades since the industrial revolution, despite advances in efficiency and sustainability.^[7] According to IEA world statistics in four years (2004–2008) the world population increased 5%, annual CO₂ emissions increased 10% and gross energy production increased 10%.^[8]

Most energy is used in the country of origin, since it is cheaper to transport final products than raw materials. In 2008 the share export of the total energy production by fuel was: oil 50% (1,952/3,941 Mt), gas 25% (800/3,149 bcm), hard coal 14% (793/5,845 Mt) and electricity 1% (269/20,181 TWh).^[9]

Most of the world's energy resources are from the conversion of the sun's rays to other energy forms after being incident upon the planet. Some of that energy has been preserved as fossil energy, some is directly or indirectly usable; for example, via wind, hydro- or wave power. The term solar constant is the amount of incoming solar electromagnetic radiation per unit area, measured on the outer surface of Earth's atmosphere, in a plane perpendicular to the rays. The solar constant includes all types of solar radiation, not just visible light. It is measured by satellite to be roughly 1368 watts per square meter,^[10] though it fluctuates by about 6.9% during a year—from 1412 W m⁻² in early January to 1321 W m⁻² in early July, due to the Earth's varying distance from the sun, and by a few parts per thousand from day to day. For the whole Earth, with a cross section of 127,400,000 km², the total energy rate is 174 petawatts (1.740×10¹⁷ W), plus or minus 3.5%. This value is the total rate of solar energy received by the planet; about half, 89 PW, reaches the Earth's surface.

The estimates of remaining non-renewable worldwide energy resources vary, with the remaining fossil fuels totaling an estimated 0.4 YJ (1 YJ = 10²⁴J) and the available nuclear fuel such as uranium exceeding 2.5 YJ. Fossil fuels range from 0.6 to 3 YJ if estimates of reserves of methane clathrates are accurate and become technically extractable. The total energy flux from the sun is 3.8 YJ/yr, dwarfing all non-renewable resources.

Regional energy use (kWh/capita & TWh) and growth 1990-2008 (%)[11][12]
	kWh/capita			Population (million)			Energy use (1,000 TWh)
	1990	2008	Growth	1990	2008	Growth	1990	2008	Growth
USA	89,021	87,216	- 2 %	250	305	22 %	22.3	26.6	20 %
EU-27	40,240	40,821	1 %	473	499	5 %	19.0	20.4	7 %
Middle East	19,422	34,774	79 %	132	199	51 %	2.6	6.9	170 %
China	8,839	18,608	111 %	1,141	1,333	17 %	10.1	24.8	146 %
Latin America	11,281	14,421	28 %	355	462	30 %	4.0	6.7	66 %
Africa	7,094	7,792	10 %	634	984	55 %	4.5	7.7	70 %
India	4,419	6,280	42 %	850	1,140	34 %	3.8	7.2	91 %
Others*	25,217	23,871	nd	1,430	1,766	23 %	36.1	42.2	17 %
The World	19,422	21,283	10 %	5,265	6,688	27 %	102.3	142.3	39 %
Source: IEA/OECD, Population OECD/World Bank Energy use = kWh/capita* Mrd. capita (population) = 1000 TWh Others: Mathematically calculated, includes e.g. countries in Asia and Australia. The use of energy varies between the ”other countries”: E.g. in Australia, Japan or Canada energy is used more per capita than in Bangladesh or Burma.

From 1990 to 2008 the average use of energy per person as IEA data increased 10 % and the world population increased 27 %. Regional energy use grew from 1990 to 2008: Middle East 170 %, China 146 %, India 91 %, Africa 70 %, Latin America 66 %, USA 20 %, EU-27 7 % and world 39 %

Emissions

The global warming emissions resulting from energy production are a serious global environmental problem. Therefore many nations have signed the UN agreement to prevent a dangerous impact on the world's climate. What is a dangerous concentration remains a subject of debate. Limiting global temperature rise at 2 degrees Celsius, considered as a high risk level by Stockholm Environmental Institute, demands 75% decline in carbon emissions in the industrial countries by 2050, if the population is 10 mrd in 2050.^[13] 75% in 40 years is about 2% decrease every year. In 2011, the warming emissions of energy production continued rising regardless of the consensus of the basic problem. There is a 25–30 year lag in the complete warming effect of emissions. Thus human activities have created already a 1.5 °C temperature rise (2006).^[14] According to Robert Engelman (Worldwatch institute) for security civilization has to stop increase of emissions within a decade regardless of economy and population state (2009).^[15]

Energy supply and end use

Total world energy supply i.e. primary energy (2008) was 143,851 TWh and the end use of energy (2008) was 98,022 TWh. The difference 32 % is energy losses. Energy losses are not constant but depend on the energy source and technology. For example, nuclear power has large energy losses 67 % in 2008 mainly by cooling water. In 2008 world nuclear power primary energy was 8,283 TWh (5.8 % - 8,283/143,851) and nuclear power end use (2008) was 2,731 TWh (2.8 % - 2,731/98,022). At least some renewable energy sources have small energy losses. Based on the same statistics as the nuclear power, hydro power would have no energy losses at all. ^[16][17] When substituting nuclear power with the renewable energy, the end energy supply is significant. The primary energy supply may reflect the fuel consumption, significant for production and environmental evaluation. From the analytical and statistical point of view one should be aware of these differences that have large significance in the energy ratios, comparisons and evaluation, as shown above.

Primary energy

World energy and power supply (TWh)[18]
	Energy	Power
1990	102 569	11 821
2000	117 687	15 395
2005	133 602	18 258
2008	143 851	20 181
Source: IEA/OECD

Energy by power source 2008[19]
	TWh	%
Oil	48 204	33.5%
Coal	38 497	26.8%
Gas	30 134	20.9%
Nuclear	8 283	5.8%
Hydro	3 208	2.2%
Other RE*	15 284	10.6%
Others	241	0.2%
Total	143 851	100%
Source: IEA *`=solar, wind, geothermal and biofuels

The United States Energy Information Administration regularly publishes a report on world consumption for most types of primary energy resources. According to IEA total world energy supply was 102,569 TWh (1990); 117,687 TWh (2000); 133,602 TWh (2005) and 143,851 TWh (2008). World power generation was 11,821 TWh (1990); 15,395 TWh (2000); 18,258 TWh (2005) and 20,181 TWh (2008). Compared to power supply 20,181 TWh the power end use was only 16,819 TWh in 2008 including EU27: 2 857 TWh, China 2 883 TWh and USA 4 533 TWh. In 2008 energy use per person was in the USA 4.1 fold, EU 1.9 fold and Middle East 1.6 fold the world average and in China 87% and India 30% of the world average.^[18]

In 2008 energy supply by power source was oil 33.5%, coal 26.8%, gas 20.8% (fossil 81%), renewable (hydro, solar, wind, geothermal power and biofuels) 12.9%, nuclear 5.8% and other 4%. Oil was the most popular energy fuel. Oil and coal combined represented over 60% of the world energy supply in 2008.

Since the annual energy supply increase has been high, e.g. 2007–2008 4,461 TWh, compared to the total nuclear power end use 2,731 TWh^[19][20] environmental activists, like Greenpeace, support increase of energy efficiency and renewable energy capacity. These are also more and more addressed in the international agreements and national Energy Action Plans, like the EU 2009 Renewable Energy Directive and corresponding national plans. The global renewable energy supply increased from 2000 to 2008 in total 3,155 TWh, also more than the nuclear power use 2,731 TWh in 2008.^[21] The energy resources below show the extensive reserves of renewable energy.

Regional energy use (kWh/hab)[11][12]
	kWh/capita		Population (milj)
	1990	2008	1990	2008
USA	89 021	87 216		305
EU-27	40 240	40 821
Middle East	19 422	34 774		199
China	8 839	18 608		1 333
Latin America	11 281	14 421		462
Africa	7 094	7 792		984
India	4 419	6 280		1 140
The World	19 421	21 283		6 688
Source: IEA/OECD, Population OECD/World Bank

Fuel type	Average power in TW[22]
	1980	2004	2006
Oil	4.38	5.58	5.74
Gas	1.80	3.45	3.61
Coal	2.34	3.87	4.27
Hydroelectric	0.60	0.93	1.00
Nuclear power	0.25	0.91	0.93
Geothermal, wind, solar energy, wood	0.02	0.13	0.16
Total	9.48	15.0	15.8
Source: The USA Energy Information Administration

Fossil fuels

The twentieth century saw a rapid twentyfold increase in the use of fossil fuels. Between 1980 and 2006, the worldwide annual growth rate was 2%.^[1] According to the US Energy Information Administration's 2006 estimate, the estimated 471.8 EJ total consumption in 2004 was divided as follows, with fossil fuels supplying 86% of the world's energy:

Coal fueled the industrial revolution in the 18th and 19th century. With the advent of the automobile, airplanes and the spreading use of electricity, oil became the dominant fuel during the twentieth century. The growth of oil as the largest fossil fuel was further enabled by steadily dropping prices from 1920 until 1973. After the oil shocks of 1973 and 1979, during which the price of oil increased from 5 to 45 US dollars per barrel, there was a shift away from oil.^[23] Coal, natural gas, and nuclear became the fuels of choice for electricity generation and conservation measures increased energy efficiency. In the U.S. the average car more than doubled the number of miles per gallon. Japan, which bore the brunt of the oil shocks, made spectacular improvements and now has the highest energy efficiency in the world.^[24] From 1965 to 2008, the use of fossil fuels has continued to grow and their share of the energy supply has increased. From 2003 to 2008, coal was the fastest growing fossil fuel.^[25]

Coal

Regional coal supply (TWh), share 2010 (%) and share of change 2000-2010[26][27]
	2000	2008	2009*	2010*	%*	Change 2000-2009*
North America	6,654	6,740	6,375	6,470	16%	-1.2 %
Asia excl. China	5,013	7,485	7,370	7,806	19%	18.9 %
China	7,318	16,437	18,449	19,928	48%	85.5 %
EU	3,700	3,499	3,135	3,137	8%	-3.8 %
Africa	1,049	1,213	1,288	1,109	3%	0.4 %
Russia	1,387	1,359	994	1,091	3%	-2.0 %
Others	1,485	1,763	1,727	1,812	4%	2.2 %
Total	26,607	38,497	39,340	41,354	100%	100 %
Source: IEA, *in 2009, 2010 BP* Change 2000-2009: Region's share of the world change +12,733 TWh from 2000 to 2009

In 2000 coal was used in China 28%, other Asia 19%, North America 25% and the EU 14%. In 2009 the share of China was 47%.^[26]

Single most coal using country is China. It s share of the world coal production was 28 % in 2000 and 48 % in 2009. Coal use in the world increased 48 % from 2000 to 2009. In practise majority of this growth occurred in China and the rest in other Asia.^[26]

Top 10 coal exporters (Mt)[28]
		2010	Share %
1	Australia	298	34.8 %
2	Indonesia	162	18.9 %
3	Russia	89	10.4%
4	Colombia	68	7.9 %
5	South Africa	68	7.9 %
6	US	57	6.7 %
7	Kazakhstan	33	3.9 %
8	Canada	24	2.8 %
9	Vietnam	21	2.5 %
10	Mongolia	17	2.0 %
Others		19	2.2 %
Total		856	100 %
Top ten		837	97.8 %

Oil

Regional oil supply (TWh) and share 2010 (%) [29][30]
	2000	2008	2009*	2010*	%
North America	12,350	12,590	12,305	12,092	26 %
Asia excl. China	8,510	9,217	9,620	9,760	21 %
China	2,490	4,130	4,855	4,984	11 %
EU	7,980	8,055	8,050	7,705	16 %
Africa	1,482	1,624	1,730	1,808	4 %
Russia	2,138	2,828	1,499	1,717	4 %
Others	8,562	9,761	8,526	8,781	19 %
Total	43,506	48,204	46,585	46,847	100 %
Source: IEA, *in 2009, 2010 BP

The use of oil doubled in China during 2000–2009. In 2009 the consumption of oil was in the EU 1,6 fold and North America 2.5 fold compared to China.^[29]

Gas

Regional gas supply (TWh) and share 2010 (%)[31][32]
	2000	2008	2009*	2010*	%
North America	7,621	7,779	8,839	8,925	27%
Asia excl. China	2,744	4,074	4,348	4,799	14 %
China	270	825	1,015	1,141	3 %
EU	4,574	5,107	4,967	5,155	16 %
Africa	612	974	1,455	1,099	3 %
Russia	3,709	4,259	4,209	4,335	13 %
Latin America	1,008	1,357	958	nd	nd
Others	3,774	5,745	6,047	7,785	23 %
Total	24,312	30,134	31,837	33,240	100 %
Source: IEA, in 2009, 2010 BP

In 2009 the world use of gas was 131% compared to year 2000. 66% of the this growth was outside EU, North America Latin America and Russia. Others include Middle East, Asia and Africa. The gas supply increased also in the previous regions: 8.6% in the EU and 16% in the North America 2000–2009.^[33]

Nuclear power

As of December 2009^[update], the world had 436 reactors.^[34] Since commercial nuclear energy began in the mid 1950s, 2008 was the first year that no new nuclear power plant was connected to the grid, although two were connected in 2009.^[34][35]

Annual generation of nuclear power has been on a slight downward trend since 2007, decreasing 1.8% in 2009 to 2558 TWh with nuclear power meeting 13–14% of the world's electricity demand.^[36]

Renewable energy

Renewable energy comes from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, and geothermal heat, which are renewable (naturally replenished). As of 2010, about 16% of global final energy consumption comes from renewables, with 10% coming from traditional biomass, which is mainly used for heating, and 3.4% from hydroelectricity. New renewables (small hydro, modern biomass, wind, solar, geothermal, and biofuels) accounted for another 2.8% and are growing very rapidly.^[37] The share of renewables in electricity generation is around 19%, with 16% of global electricity coming from hydroelectricity and 3% from new renewables.^[38]

Hydropower

Worldwide hydroelectricity installed capacity reached 816 GW in 2005, consisting of 750 GW of large plants, and 66 GW of small hydro installations. Large hydro capacity totaling 10.9 GW was added by China, Brazil, and India during the year, but there was a much faster growth (8%) small hydro, with 5 GW added, mostly in China where some 58% of the world's small hydro plants are now located. China is the largest hydropower producer in the world, and continues to add capacity. In the Western world, although Canada is the largest producer of hydroelectricity in the world, the construction of large hydro plants has stagnated due to environmental concerns.^[39] The trend in both Canada and the United States has been to micro hydro because it has negligible environmental impacts and opens up many more locations for power generation. In British Columbia alone, the estimates are that micro hydro will be able to more than double electricity production in the province.

Wind power

Wind power is growing at the rate of 30% annually, with a worldwide installed capacity of 198 gigawatts (GW) in 2010,^[41][42] and is widely used in Europe, Asia, and the United States.^[43] Wind power accounts for approximately 19% of electricity use in Denmark, 9% in Spain and Portugal, and 6% in Germany and the Republic of Ireland.^[44] The United States is an important growth area and installed U.S. wind power capacity reached 25,170 MW at the end of 2008.^[45]

Solar power

The available solar energy resources are 3.8 YJ/yr (120,000 TW). Less than 0.02% of available resources are sufficient to entirely replace fossil fuels and nuclear power as an energy source. Assuming that our rate of usage in 2005 remains constant, estimated reserves are accurate, and no new unplanned reserves are found, we will run out of conventional oil in 2045, and coal in 2159. In practice, neither will actually run out as natural constraints will force production to decline as the remaining reserves dwindle.^[46][47][48] The rate at which demand increases and reserves dwindle has been increasing dramatically because the rate of consumption is not constant. For example, if demand for oil doubled, reserves would not last as long. In addition, the cost of fossil fuels continues to rise while solar power becomes more economically viable.

Solar photovoltaics is growing rapidly, albeit from a small base, to a total global capacity of 40,000 MW at the end of 2010. More than 100 countries use solar PV.^[49] Some 24 GW of solar is projected in November 2011 to be installed in that year, pushing up worldwide capacity to roughly 64 GW.^[50] Installations may be ground-mounted (and sometimes integrated with farming and grazing)^[51] or built into the roof or walls of a building (building-integrated photovoltaics).

The consumption of solar hot water and solar space heating was estimated at 88 GWt (gigawatts of thermal power) in 2004. The heating of water for unglazed swimming pools is excluded.^[52]

Geothermal

Geothermal energy is used commercially in over 70 countries.^[53] In the year 2004, 200 PJ (57 TWh) of electricity was generated from geothermal resources, and an additional 270 PJ of geothermal energy was used directly, mostly for space heating. In 2007, the world had a global capacity for 10 GW of electricity generation and an additional 28 GW of direct heating, including extraction by geothermal heat pumps.^[52][54] Heat pumps are small and widely distributed, so estimates of their total capacity are uncertain and range up to 100 GW.^[53]

Biomass and biofuels

Until the beginning of the nineteenth century biomass was the predominant fuel, today it has only a small share of the overall energy supply. Electricity produced from biomass sources was estimated at 44 GW for 2005. Biomass electricity generation increased by over 100% in Germany, Hungary, the Netherlands, Poland, and Spain. A further 220 GW was used for heating (in 2004), bringing the total energy consumed from biomass to around 264 GW. The use of biomass fires for cooking is excluded.^[52]

World production of bioethanol increased by 8% in 2005 to reach 33 billion litres (8.72 billion US gallons), with most of the increase in the United States, bringing it level to the levels of consumption in Brazil.^[52] Biodiesel increased by 85% to 3.9 billion litres (1.03 billion US gallons), making it the fastest growing renewable energy source in 2005. Over 50% is produced in Germany.^[52]

By country

Energy consumption is loosely correlated with gross national product and climate, but there is a large difference even between the most highly developed countries, such as Japan and Germany with an energy consumption rate of 6 kW per person and the United States with an energy consumption rate of 11.4 kW per person. In developing countries, particularly those that are sub-tropical or tropical such as India, the per person energy use rate is closer to 0.7 kW. Bangladesh has the lowest consumption rate with 0.2 kW per person.

The US consumes 25% of the world's energy with a share of global GDP at 22% and a share of the world population at 4.59%.^[55] The most significant growth of energy consumption is currently taking place in China, which has been growing at 5.5% per year over the last 25 years. Its population of 1.3 billion people (19.6% of the world population^[55]) is consuming energy at a rate of 1.6 kW per person.

One measurement of efficiency is energy intensity. This is a measure of the amount of energy it takes a country to produce a dollar of gross domestic product.

Oil

Top 10 oil producers (Mt)[56]
		2005	2008	2009	2010	Share 2010
1	Russia	470	485	494	502	13 %
2	Saudi Arabia	519	509	452	471	12 %
3	US	307	300	320	336	8 %
4	Iran	205	214	206	227	6 %
5	China	183	190	194	200	5 %
6	Canada	143	155	152	159	4 %
7	Venezuela	162	137	126	149	4 %
8	Mexico	188	159	146	144	4 %
9	UAE	nd	136	120	129	3 %
10	Nigeria	133	nd	nd	130	3 %
x	Kuwait	nd	145	124	nd	nd
x	Norway	139	nd	nd	nd	nd
Total		3,923	3,941	3,843	3,973	100 %
Top ten		62 %	62 %	61 %	62%	62%

Coal

Top 10 coal producers (Mt)[56]
		2005	2008	2009	2010	Share % 2010
1	China	2,226	2,761	2,971	3,162	44 %
2	US	1,028	1,076	985	997	14 %
3	India	430	521	561	571	8 %
4	Australia	372	397	399	420	6 %
5	Indonesia	318	284	301	336	5 %
6	South Africa	315	236	247	255	4 %
7	Russia	222	323	297	324	4 %
8	Kazakhstan	79	108	101	111	2 %
9	Poland	160	144	135	134	2 %
10	Colombia	65	79	73	74	1 %
Total		5,878	6,796	6,903	7,229	100 %
Top ten		89 %	87 %	88 %	88%	88%
* include hard coal and brown coal

Top 10 hard coal importers (Mt)[56]
		2005	2008	2009	2010
1	Japan	178	186	165	187
2	China	25	nd	114	157
3	South Korea	77	100	103	119
4	India	37	58	66	88
5	Taiwan	61	66	60	63
6	Germany	38	46	38	45
7	Turkey	nd	19	20	27
8	UK	44	43	38	26
9	Italy	24	25	19	22
10	Malaysia	nd	nd	nd	19
x	Spain	25	19	16	nd
x	France	nd	21	nd	nd
x	US	28	nd	nd	nd
Total		778	778	819	949
Top ten		69 %	75 %	78 %	79%
Import of production		16 %	13 %	14 %	15 %

Natural gas

Top 10 natural gas producers (bcm)[56]
		2005	2008	2009	2010	Share 2010
1	Russia	627	657	589	637	19.4 %
2	US	517	583	594	613	18.7 %
3	Canada	187	175	159	160	4.9 %
4	Iran	84	121	144	145	4.4 %
5	Qatar	nd	79	89	121	3.7 %
6	Norway	90	103	106	107	3.3 %
7	China	nd	76	90	97	3.0 %
8	Netherlands	79	85	79	89	2.7 %
9	Indonesia	77	77	76	88	2.7 %
10	Saudi Arabia	70	nd	nd	82	2.5 %
x	Algeria	93	82	81	nd	nd
x	UK	93	nd	nd	nd	nd
Total		2,872	3,149	3,101	3,282	100 %
Top ten		67 %	65 %	65 %	65 %	65 %
bcm = billion cubic meters

Top 10 natural gas importers (bcm)[56]
		2005	2008	2009	2010	Share 2010
1	Japan	81	95	93	99	12.1 %
2	Germany	91	79	83	83	10.1 %
3	Italy	73	77	69	75	9.1 %
4	US	121	84	76	74	9.0 %
5	France	47	44	45	46	5.6 %
6	South Korea	29	36	33	43	5.2 %
7	Ukraine	62	53	38	37	4.5 %
8	Turkey	27	36	35	37	4.5 %
9	UK	nd	26	29	37	4.5 %
10	Spain	33	39	34	36	4.4 %
x	Netherlands	23	nd	nd	nd	nd
Total		838	783	749	820	100 %
Top ten		70 %	73 %	71 %	69 %	69 %
Import of production		29 %	25 %	24 %	25 %	25 %
bcm = billion cubic meters

By sector

World energy use per sector[57]
	2000	2008	2000	2008
	TWh		%*
Industry	21,733	27,273	26.5	27.8
Transport	22,563	26,742	27.5	27.3
Residential and service	30,555	35,319	37.3	36.0
Non-energy use	7,119	8,688	8.7	8.9
Total*	81,970	98,022	100	100
Source: IEA 2010, Total is calculated from the given sectors Numbers are the end use of energy Total world energy supply (2008) 143,851 TWh

Industrial users (agriculture, mining, manufacturing, and construction) consume about 37% of the total 15 TW. Personal and commercial transportation consumes 20%; residential heating, lighting, and appliances use 11%; and commercial uses (lighting, heating and cooling of commercial buildings, and provision of water and sewer services) amount to 5% of the total.^[58]

The other 27% of the world's energy is lost in energy transmission and generation. In 2005, global electricity consumption averaged 2 TW. The energy rate used to generate 2 TW of electricity is approximately 5 TW, as the efficiency of a typical existing power plant is around 38%.^[59] The new generation of gas-fired plants reaches a substantially higher efficiency of 55%. Coal is the most common fuel for the world's electricity plants.^[60]

Total world energy use per sector was in 2008 industry 28%, transport 27% and residential and service 36%. Division was about the same in the year 2000.^[57]

European Union

The European Environmental Agency (EEA) measures final energy consumption (does not include energy used in production and lost in transportation) and finds that the transport sector is responsible for 31.5% of final energy consumption, industry 27.6%, households 25.9%, services 11.4% and agriculture 3.7%.^[61] The use of energy is responsible for the majority of greenhouse gas emissions (79%), with the energy sector representing 31%, transport 19%, industry 13%, households 9% and others 7%.^[62]

While efficient energy and resource efficiency are growing as public policy issues, more than 70% of coal plants in the European Union are more than 20 years old and operate at an efficiency level of between 32-40%.^[63] Technological developments in the 1990s have allowed efficiencies in the range of 40–45% at newer plants.^[63] However, according to an impact assessment by the European Commission, this is still below the best available technological (BAT) efficiency levels of 46–49%.^[63] With gas-fired power plants the average efficiency is 52% compared to 58-59% with best available technology (BAT), and gas and oil boiler plants operate at average 36% efficiency (BAT delivers 47%).^[63] According to that same impact assessment by the European Commission, raising the efficiency of all new plants and the majority of existing plants, through the setting of authorisation and permit conditions, to an average generation efficiency of 51.5% in 2020 would lead to a reduction in annual consumption of 15 billion m3 of natural gas and 25 Mt of coal.^[63]

Alternative energy paths

Denmark and Germany have started to make investments in solar energy, despite their unfavorable geographic locations. Germany is now the largest consumer of photovoltaic cells in the world. Denmark and Germany have installed 3 GW and 17 GW of wind power respectively. In 2005, wind generated 18.5% of all the electricity in Denmark.^[64] Brazil invests in ethanol production from sugar cane, which is now a significant part of the transportation fuel in that country. Starting in 1965, France made large investments in nuclear power and to this date three quarters of its electricity comes from nuclear reactors.^[65] Switzerland is planning to cut its energy consumption by more than half to become a 2000-watt society by 2050 and the United Kingdom is working towards a zero energy building standard for all new housing by 2016.

See also

• Comparisons of life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions
• Cubic mile of oil
• Domestic Energy Consumption
• Earth's energy budget
• Electricity generation
• Electric energy consumption
• Energy development
• Energy policy
• Environmental impact of aviation
• Kardashev scale
• Peak oil
• Sustainable energy
• The End of Energy Obesity (book)
• A Thousand Barrels a Second: The Coming Oil Break Point and the Challenges Facing an Energy Dependent World (book)

Regional:

• Asian brown cloud
• Energy by country
• Energy use and conservation in the United Kingdom
• Energy use in the United States
• Making Sweden an Oil-Free Society

Lists:

• List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions
• List of countries by electricity consumption
• List of countries by electricity production
• List of countries by energy consumption and production
• List of countries by energy intensity
• List of countries by greenhouse gas emissions
• List of countries by renewable electricity production

References

Further reading

• World Energy Outlook 2006. International Energy Agency. 2006. ISBN 9-264-10989-7. 
• MacKay, David J C (2008). Sustainable Energy—without the hot air. Cambridge: UIT. ISBN 978-0-954452933. http://www.withouthotair.com. 
• Smil, Vaclav (2003). Energy at the crossroads. MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-19492-9. 
• Tester, Jefferson W; et al. (2005). Sustainable Energy: Choosing Among Options. The MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-20153-4. 
• Yergin, Daniel (1993). The Prize. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-79932-0. 

External links

• World Energy Outlook
• Official Energy Statistics from the US government
• Energy Statistics and News from the European Union
• Annual Energy Review 2006, DOE/EIA-0384(2006), by the U.S. Department of Energy's Energy Information Administration (PDF)
• Statistical Review of World Energy 2009, annual review by BP
• Energy Export Databrowser—A visual review of production and consumption trends for individual nations; data from the British Petroleum Statistical Review.
• Google - public data "Energy use (kg of oil equivalent per capita)"
• World Energy Consumption Figures
• Two Trends of Energy and Carbon Emissions in the Arab World via Carboun

Renewable energy by country Wind by region Asia · Europe (EU) by country Australia · Austria · Belgium · Brazil · Canada · China ·  · Croatia · Denmark · Estonia · Finland · France · Germany · Greece · India · Iran · Ireland · Italy · Japan · Malta  · Morocco  · New Zealand · Pakistan · Portugal · Romania · Serbia  · Spain · Sweden · Turkey · United Kingdom · United States Solar by region Asia · Europe (EU) by country Australia · Canada · China · Germany · Greece · India · Israel · Italy · Japan · Morocco · Pakistan · Portugal · Romania · Spain · Turkey · United Kingdom · United States Geothermal by country Australia · Canada · Chile · China · Denmark · Germany · Iceland · Indonesia · Japan · Kenya · Mexico · New Zealand · Philippines · Portugal · Romania · Russia · Turkey · United Kingdom · United States · West Indies Portals: Energy · Renewable energy · Sustainable development

Petroleum industry Petroleum · Primary energy Benchmarks Argus Sour · Bonny Light · Brent · Dubai · Indonesian · Isthmus-34 Light · Japan Cocktail · OPEC Reference Basket · Tapis · Urals · West Texas Intermediate Companies and organisations Major petroleum companies Supermajors BP · Chevron · ConocoPhillips · ExxonMobil · Royal Dutch Shell · Total National oil companies ADNOC · CNOOC · CNPC · Iraq National Oil Company · Kuwait Petroleum Corporation · Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation · NIOC · Oil and Natural Gas Corporation · Orlen · PDVSA · Pertamina · Petrobras · Petronas · Qatar Petroleum · Rosneft · Saudi Aramco · Sonangol · Sonatrach Other Anadarko · Apache · BG Group · Cenovus Energy · Eni · Galp Energia · Gazprom (Gazprom Neft) · Hess · Husky Energy · Imperial Oil · Lukoil · Marathon Oil · Nippon Oil · Occidental · OMV · PetroChina · Reliance · Repsol YPF · Sinopec · Statoil · Suncor Energy · Surgutneftegas · TNK-BP Major services companies AMEC · Baker Hughes · CGGVeritas · CH2M HILL · China Oilfield Services · Enbridge · Ensco · GE Oil & Gas · Halliburton · National Oilwell Varco · Petrofac · Saipem · Schlumberger · Technip · TransCanada · Transocean · Weatherford · Wood Group Other International Association of Oil & Gas Producers · International Energy Agency · International Petroleum Exchange · OPEC · Society of Petroleum Engineers · World Petroleum Council Data Natural gas Consumption · Production · Reserves · Imports · Exports · Price Petroleum Consumption · Production · Reserves · Imports · Exports · Price (Price of gasoline and diesel) Exploration and production Exploration Core sampling · Geophysics · Integrated asset modelling · Petroleum engineering (Reservoir simulation · Seismic to simulation) · Petroleum geology · Petrophysics · Reflection seismology (Seismic inversion) · Seismic source Drilling Blowouts · Completion (Squeeze job) · Differential sticking · Directional drilling (Geosteering) · Drilling engineering · Drilling fluid · Drilling fluid invasion · Drill stem test · Lost circulation · Measurement · Tracers · Underbalanced drilling · Well logging Production Agreements (Concessions · Production sharing agreements) · Artificial lift (Pumpjack · Submersible pump (ESP) · Gas lift) · Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) (Steam injection · Gas reinjection) · Petroleum product · Pipeline transport · Refining · Water injection · Well intervention · Upstream · Midstream · Downstream · XT History 1967 Oil Embargo · 1973 oil crisis · 1979 energy crisis · 1980s oil glut · 2000s energy crisis · Founders · History of petroleum · Nationalization · Seven Sisters · Standard Oil · Oil market timelines Provinces and fields List of natural gas fields · List of oil fields · East Texas · Gulf of Mexico · Niger Delta · North Sea · Persian Gulf · Prudhoe Bay Oil Field · Russia · Venezuela · Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin Research and development Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology · Deep Sea Drilling Program · Energy Biosciences Institute · French Institute of Petroleum · IHS · Integrated Ocean Drilling Program · Kola Superdeep Borehole · Project Mohole · TaskForceMajella Other Acronymns · Big Oil · Peak oil (Mitigation · Timing) · People · Petrocurrency · Petrodollar · Shale gas · Swing producer · Unconventional oil (Heavy crude oil · Oil sands · Oil shale) Category ·  Commons

Topics on human population Major articles World population · Family planning · Green revolution · Overpopulation · Over-consumption (water crisis) · Reproductive rights  · Sustainable development Biological topics Population biology · Population control (one-child policy · Immigration reduction) · Population decline · Population density (physiological density) · Population growth · Population pyramid · Projections of population growth · Zero population growth Population ecology Carrying capacity · Ecological footprint · I = P • A • T · Malthusian growth model · World3 model · Food security · World energy consumption · World energy resources · Habitat destruction · Optimum population Literary works A Modest Proposal · An Essay on the Principle of Population · Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth · How Much Land Does a Man Need? · The Limits to Growth · The Population Bomb · The Ultimate Resource · The Skeptical Environmentalist Lists Most highly populated countries · Metropolitan areas by population Events and organizations International Conference on Population and Development  · Optimum Population Trust  · United Nations Population Fund · World Population Foundation Related articles World Population Day · "The Day of Five Billion" · "The Day of Six Billion" · "Day of Seven Billion" · "Ecological Debt Day" · Easter Island downfall · Classic Maya collapse · Holocene extinction · Fertility and intelligence